Empathy begins the process of connecting us with others, as we share their emotions. Our own life experience enables us to understand something of the life experience of others. That emotional understanding is the distinction we call empathy: “. . . the capacity to share the feelings of others . . .” “Empathy is a complex capability enabling individuals to…
Read More
Value for Wednesday of Week 08 in the season of Dormancy
Developing Good Habits and Practices
Good habits and practices are important to living in good order. Doing good things haphazardly or inconsistently does not generate good order.
- Motivation is what gets you started. Habit is what keeps you going. [attributed to Jim Ryun]
- Winning is not a sometime thing; it’s an all the time thing. You don’t win once in a while… you don’t do things right once in a while… you do them right all the time. Winning is habit. [Vince Lombardi]
- Character is simply habit long continued. [attributed to Plutarch]
The brain processes everything we experience and all we do. People who are skilled in any field usually have acquired habits and practices that facilitate their competence.
“The modern concept of habit was first clearly laid out by the psychologist William James in the late 19th century. He described habit as a routine, behavior, or even cognitive process that starts spontaneously but is repeated automatically as a result of prior experience.” “Making habits is facilitated by repetition, reinforcement, disengagement of goal-directed processes, and stable contexts.” “. . . habits can occur in graded strength, compete with other strategies for control over behavior, are controlled in part moment-to-moment as they occur, and incorporate changes in neural activity across multiple timescales and brain circuits.”
“Habit formation transcends merely changing behaviors; it’s a multifaceted journey encompassing neurobiology, psychology, and the environment.” For example, musicians rehearse because the repetitive act of playing the music over and over writes information on the brain. As the musician rehearses, the mind evaluates the quality of the performance. If the musician is dissatisfied, she may stop to rehearse the section again. Commonly, musicians will rehearse a few troublesome bars or even a few notes until they master them. As this occurs, the brain records and stores the information. Once the musician arrives at a satisfactory level of performance, she may repeat the section many times to establish the pattern more firmly in the brain, which is creating connections that will facilitate the ease of performance and the likelihood of its success. Most researchers hold that “responding can be controlled by two behavioral systems, one goal-directed that encodes the outcome of an action, and one habitual that reinforces the response strength of the same action”; others make a case that “the transition of goal-directed actions to habits is caused by a change in a single network structure”.
“Habits contribute to improving action performance because they release consciousness from having to focus on immediate goals, and allow all cognitive resources to focus instead on higher goals.” We see this in virtually every field of endeavor. When a basketball player mimics the motion of his free throw, perhaps several time, before he takes it, he is reinforcing the patterns of motion he has learned, which are stored in his organic brain. Generally, we trust experienced surgeons more than inexperienced surgeons. Teachers gain an assurance after sufficient time in the classroom. Each of two equally experienced chefs usually will out-cook the other in their respective specialty cuisines. A dairy farmer who fails to milk the cows at an established time will find that he has unhappy and unproductive cows.
Thus, habits and practices are no mere arbitrary devices. They reflect how our brains function to facilitate our development. Good habits and practices constitute an indispensable part of the order that is essential to achieving competence and excellence.
Real
True Narratives
- Jeffrey M. Stibel, Wired for Thought: How the Brain Is Shaping the Future of the Internet (Harvard Business Press, 2009).
- Nicholas Carr, The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains (W.W. Norton & Co., 2010).
Technical and Analytical Readings
Habits and theories of mind:
- Fausto Caruana & Italo Testa, eds., Habits: Pragmatist Approaches from Cognitive Science, Neuroscience, and Social Theory (Cambridge University Press, 2021).
- Tony Bennett, Gay Hawkins, Greg Noble & Ben Dibley, eds., Assembling and Governing Habits (Routledge, 2021).
- Bas Verplanken, ed., The Psychology of Habit: Theory, Mechanisms, Change, and Context (Springer, 2018).
- Patrick Shade, Habits of Hope: A Pragmatic Theory (Vanderbilt University Press, 2001).
- Robert M. Madsen, et. al., Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life (University of California Press, 1985).
- Clare Carlisle, On Habit (Thinking in Action) (Routledge, 2014).
- Jeremy Dunham & Komarine Romdenh-Romluc, eds., Habit and the History of Philosophy (Rewriting the History of Philosophy) (Routledge, 2023).
- Richard E. Mayer, How to Be a Successful Student: 20 Study Habits Based on the Science of Learning (Routledge, 2018).
- Line Ryberg Ingerslev & Karl Mertens, eds., Phenomenology of Broken Habits (Routledge, 2025).
- Youna Vandaele, ed., Habits: Their Definition, Neurobiology, and Role in Addiction (Springer, 2024).
- Matthew D. Selekman & Mark Beyebach, Changing Self-Destructive Habits: Pathways to Solutions With Couples and Families (Routledge, 2013).
- Annette Paterakis, Winning Habits: How Equestrians Master the Mental Game (Routledge, 2021).
- Nicolas Faucher & Magali Roques, ed., The Ontology, Psychology and Axiology of Habits (Habitus) in Medieval Philosophy (Springer, 2019).
- Howard Margolis, Paradigms and Barriers: How Habits of Mind Govern Scientific Beliefs (University of Chicago Press, 1993).
- Howard Margolis, Patterns, Thinking, and Cognition: A Theory of Judgment (University of Chicago Press, 1988).
- Bob Fecho, Teaching for the Students: Habits of Heart, Mind, and Practice in the Engaged Classroom (Teachers College Press, 2011).
- Charles Duhigg, The Power of Habit: Why We Do What We Do in Life and Business (Random House, 2012): “a serious look at the science of habit formation and change” for the lay reader.
- Gretchen Rubin, Better Than Before: Mastering the Habits of Our Everyday Lives (Crown Publishers, 2015): Rubin “describes herself as a ‘street scientist’ whose aim is ‘to see what’s in plain sight.’ For her examples, Rubin doesn’t stray far beyond the neighborhood. Her guinea pigs are . . . her husband, Jamie; her daughters, Eliza and Eleanor; her diabetic sister, Elizabeth; and a few unnamed friends.”
Self-help books
- Stephen R. Covey, The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People: Powerful Lessons in Personal Change (Free Press, 2004).
- Stephen R. Covey, The 8th Habit: From Effectiveness to Greatness (Free Press, 2004).
Photographs
Documentary and Educational Films
Imaginary
Fictional Narratives
Novels:
- Nadine Gordiner, No Time Like the Present: A Novel (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2012): ““At the novel’s center are Steve and Jabulile, who fell in love and married when their interracial union was illegal. Now, with a democratic government in place — apartheid in South Africa ended officially in the early 1990s — they have given up their outlaw status to assume their longed-for roles as respectable, even honored, members of an integrated society.”
Poetry
Music: Composers, artists, and major works
In music, an étude is a study. Most etudes are composed for students to acquaint them with the rigors of their instrument. However, a few composers have left behind études, mostly for solo piano, that far exceed the quality of works for student performance. They offer the performer opportunities to master the intricacies and challenges of the chosen instrument but quite beyond that, they offer the listener many rewards. Among the finest works in this genre are Chopin’s etudes. Frédéric Chopin wrote two sets of twelve Études, or studies (approx. 60’) (recordings - Op. 10; Op. 25), for solo piano, plus a smaller set of three “Nouvelles Études”. Top recorded performances of Opp. 10 and 25 are by Alfred Cortot in 1933-1934, Paul Badura-Skoda in 1956, Vladimir Ashkenazy in 1959-1960, Maurizio Pollini in 1960, György Cziffra in 1962, Dinorah Varsi in 1981, Juana Zayas in 1983 ***, Earl Wild in 1992, Yuki Matsuzawa in 1996, Véronique Bonnecaze in 1999, Murray Perahia in 2001, Valentina Lisitsa in 2014, and Yunchan Lim in 2024. Louis Lortie, Zlata Chochieva, and Alessandro Deljavan have recorded all three sets.
- 12 Études, Op. 10 (1833) (approx. 22-30’) – top recorded performances are by Alfred Cortot, William Backhaus.
- 12 Études, Op. 25 (1837) (approx. 28-33’) (Jurinić’s live performance is ethereal) – top recorded performances are by Alfred Cortot, William Backhaus, and Beatrice Rana.
- Trois Nouvelles Études (1839) (approx. 5-7’) – a top recorded performance is by Alfred Cortot.
Other Études (studies):
- Sergei Lyapunov, 12 Transcendental Études (12 Études d'exécution transcendante), Op. 11 (1949) (approx. 70’) (recordings)
- Sergei Rachmaninoff, composed two sets of études: 8 Études-Tableaux (Study Pictures), Op. 33 (1911) (approx. 26’) (recordings); and 9 Études-Tableaux (Study Pictures), Op. 39 (1917) (approx. 44’) (recordings) – top performances of both sets are by Ashkenazy, Chocvhieva, and Lugansky.
- Heitor Villa-Lobos, 12 Estudios - 12 Études (Douze études), W. 235 (1929; rev. 1948/53) (approx. 33-34’)
- Nicolai Kapustin, Eight Concert Études, Op. 40 (1984) (approx. 22’)
- Alexander Scriabin: Op. 2 (1889) (approx. 4’), Op. 8 (1894) (approx. 30’), Op. 42 (1903) (approx. 15’), Op. 65 (1912) (approx. 8’): (approx. 75’ total) – recorded performances of Scriabin’s complete études are by Alexeev and Voskresensky.
- Émile Sauret, 24 Études-Caprices, Op. 64: Nos. 1-7; Nos. 8-13; Nos. 14-19; Nos. 20-24 (1902) (approx. 260-270’)
- Richard Danielpour, Twelve Études for Piano (approx. 40’) “Each of the Twelve Études is dedicated to a particular pianist with its own substantial technical demands, but all are conceived as concert pieces with a self-contained narrative.”
- Louise Farrenc, 30 Études dans tous les tons majeurs and mineurs (in all keys, major and minor), Op. 26 (1838); 12 Études brillants (brilliant), Op. 41 (1853); 20 Études de moyenne difficulté (of moderate difficulty), Op. 42 (1854); 25 Études faciles (simple), Op. 50 (1863?) - (total approx. 140’)
- Olivier Messiaen, 4 Études de Rythme (Quatre Études de Rythme) (Four Rhythmic Studies) (1950) (approx. 15-20’) (recordings): “. . . looking at the score, will show you a bit of what Messiaen’s development and treatment of ideas are like, juxtaposing seemingly unrelated, contrasting content, but actually all coming from familiar, even really identical gestures. Look beyond the apparent chaos and you’ll start to see it.”
- Hélène de Montgeroult, Études (1820) (here are all 114 of them)
- Koharik Gazarossian, 24 Études (1958) (approx. 58’)
- George Benjamin, 3 Studies for Piano (1982-1985) (approx. 21-22’)
- Luca Mosca, Studis per chitarra (studies for guitar) (2000) (approx. 10’)
- Elizabeth Turner, Six Lessons for the Harpsichord (1756) (approx. 63’)
French composer Charles-Valentin Alkan wrote étude cycles in three ways.
- 12 Études dans tous les tons majeurs (12 Études in all the major keys, Op. 35 (1848) (approx. 60-70’) (recordings)
- 12 Études dans tous les tons mineurs (12 Études in all the minor keys), Op. 39 (1857) (approx. 110-130’) (recordings)
- 12 Études d'orgue ou piano à pédalier pour les pieds seulement (12 Études for organ or pedal piano for the feet only) (1866) (approx. 40’)
In collaboration with Matthew Shipp and others, Ivo Perelman has produced a set of albums modeled on his musical interests and practices:
- Ivo Perelman, Matthew Shipp & William Parker, “The Art of Perelman-Shipp, Volume 1: Titan” (2017) (50’)
- Ivo Perelman, Matthew Shipp & Bobby Kapp, “The Art of Perelman-Shipp, Volume 2: Tarvos” (2017) (48’)
- Ivo Perelman & Matthew Shipp, “The Art of Perelman-Shipp, Volume 3: Pandora” (2017) (59’)
- Ivo Perelman, Matthew Shipp & Michael Bisio, “The Art of Perelman-Shipp, Volume 4: Hyperion” (2017) (48’)
- Ivo Perelman & Matthew Shipp, “The Art of Perelman-Shipp, Volume 5: Rhea” (2017) (54’)
- Ivo Perelman & Matthew Shipp, “The Art of Perelman-Shipp, Volume 6: Saturn” (2017) (50’)
- Ivo Perelman & Matthew Shipp, “The Art of Perelman-Shipp, Volume 7: Dione” (2017) (57’)
Other albums:
- Jan Garbarek, Rainer Brüninghaus, Everhard Weber and Marilyn Mazur, “Rites” (1998) (98’), “takes us on a journey that shadows Garbarek’s personal observations and life experiences.”
- Wolfgang Muthspiel, “Etudes, Quietudes” (2024) (43’) “couples eleven self-penned concert etudes with others of diverse character, including a tribute to jazz legend Bill Evans, a partly improvised elaboration on material by drummer and one-time Evans associate Paul Motian, and a treatment of a sarabande by Johann Sebastian Bach.”
Music: songs and other short pieces
- Nawang Khechog, “A Daily Prayer and Practice of the Dalai Lama”
- Nawang Khechog, “Starting a Kindness Course”
