A boost of encouragement can make the difference between action and inaction, or a poor outcome versus a good outcome, or a good outcome versus a great outcome.
- When my mother or my grandmother tried to keep me from climbing too high, my grandfather would say, “Let the kid walk on the wall. He’s got to learn to do things for himself.” I loved my grandfather for trusting me so much. His name was Fred McFeely. No wonder I included a lively, elderly delivery man in our television “neighborhood” whom we named “Mr. McFeely.” [Fred Rogers]
- Instruction does much, but encouragement everything. [Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]
- For whatever reason, I didn’t succumb to the stereotype that science wasn’t for girls. I got encouragement from my parents. I never ran into a teacher or a counselor who told me that science was for boys. A lot of my friends did. [attributed to Sally Ride]
- . . . humans need encouragement like a plant needs water. [Rudolf Dreikurs]
Encouragement happens when a respected person nudges someone to step forward, step up, or otherwise act. “. . . encouragement is the process of facilitating the development of a person’s inner resources and courage toward positive movement . . .” Encouragement inspires hope, builds courage, and gives support.
“The Academic Encouragement Scale (AES) evaluates academic encouragement received from someone whom the student respects.” “Previous studies have found a correlation between academic encouragement and academic self-efficacy . . . In academic settings, encouragement may be more useful to students. Students who are encouraged may increase their academic performance and motivation . . . A study has found that academic encouragement from others is beneficial in enhancing individuals’ social connections to improve their self-efficacy . . .”
“Verbal encouragement (VE) is considered as external motivation . . .” It “can be used to enhance performance in several sports . . .” “. . . verbal encouragement has the potential to improve performance. This is one of the strategies that a sports psychologist could advocate in mental training programme.” It seems to be of special interest in sports performance. It is also “commonly used to encourage patients to perform to their maximum potential during exercise sessions or for various assessment procedures.”
Real
True Narratives
- Camille Peri, A Wilder Shore: The Romantic Odyssey of Fanny and Robert Louis Stevenson (Viking, 2024): “Stevenson’s American wife, Fanny Van de Grift (1840-1914), was a powerful personality in her own right: an individualist who paid no mind to conventional gender roles, a brave and sometimes reckless adventurer who encouraged Stevenson’s penchant for a wandering life, and a domineering personality.”
Technical and Analytical Readings
- Rudolf Dreikurs & Don Sr. Dinkmeyer, Encouraging Children to Learn (Prentice Hall, 1963).
- James Nottingham, Encouraging Learning: How you can help children learn (Routledge, 2013).
- Theo Schoenaker, Encouragement Makes Good Things Happen (Routledge, 2011).
- Ann P. Kaganoff, There's a Writer in Our House! Strategies for Supporting and Encouraging Young Writers and Readers at Home (Routledge, 2024).
- Erick Wilberding, Socratic Methods in the Classroom: Encouraging Critical Thinking and Problem Solving Through Dialogue (Profrock Press, 2019).
- Karyl Davis, et. al., eds., Using Debate in the Classroom: Encouraging Critical Thinking, Communication, and Collaboration (Routledge, 2016).
Photographs
Documentary and Educational Films
Imaginary
Fictional Narratives
As Jean Valjean cares for and teaches Cosette, he receives encouragement from her. Chronolically, she is a child and he is an adult, but within they are both children. Encouragement takes many forms.
To teach Cosette to read, and to let her play, this constituted nearly the whole of Jean Valjean's existence. And then he talked of her mother, and he made her pray. She called him _father_, and knew no other name for him. He passed hours in watching her dressing and undressing her doll, and in listening to her prattle. Life, henceforth, appeared to him to be full of interest; men seemed to him good and just; he no longer reproached any one in thought; he saw no reason why he should not live to be a very old man, now that this child loved him. He saw a whole future stretching out before him, illuminated by Cosette as by a charming light. The best of us are not exempt from egotistical thoughts. At times, he reflected with a sort of joy that she would be ugly. This is only a personal opinion; but, to utter our whole thought, at the point where Jean Valjean had arrived when he began to love Cosette, it is by no means clear to us that he did not need this encouragement in order that he might persevere in well-doing. He had just viewed the malice of men and the misery of society under a new aspect--incomplete aspects, which unfortunately only exhibited one side of the truth, the fate of woman as summed up in Fantine, and public authority as personified in Javert. He had returned to prison, this time for having done right; he had quaffed fresh bitterness; disgust and lassitude were overpowering him; even the memory of the Bishop probably suffered a temporary eclipse, though sure to reappear later on luminous and triumphant; but, after all, that sacred memory was growing dim. Who knows whether Jean Valjean had not been on the eve of growing discouraged and of falling once more? He loved and grew strong again. Alas! he walked with no less indecision than Cosette. He protected her, and she strengthened him. Thanks to him, she could walk through life; thanks to her, he could continue in virtue. He was that child's stay, and she was his prop. Oh, unfathomable and divine mystery of the balances of destiny! [Victor Hugo, Les Miserables (1862), Volume II – Cosette; Book Foruth – The Gorgeau Hovel, Chapter III, “Two Misfortunes Make One Piece of Good Fortune”.]
Novels:
- Joy Sorman, Life Sciences: A Novel (Restless Books, 2021) “takes an overtly political premise — the medical establishment’s inability or perhaps refusal to take seriously the physical struggles of women — and transforms it into a surreal and knife-deep work of fiction that asks: What pain can we abide, and what pain must we fight back against, even if the fight hurts more than the disease itself?”
Poetry
Air from another life and time and place, / Pale blue heavenly air is supporting / A white wing beating high against the breeze,
And yes, it is a kite! As when one afternoon / All of us there trooped out / Among the briar hedges and stripped thorn,
I take my stand again, halt opposite / Anahorish Hill to scan the blue, / Back in that field to launch our long-tailed comet.
And now it hovers, tugs, veers, dives askew, /
Lifts itself, goes with the wind until / It rises to loud cheers from us below.
Rises, and my hand is like a spindle / Unspooling, the kite a thin-stemmed flower / Climbing and carrying, carrying farther, higher
The longing in the breast and planted feet / And gazing face and heart of the kite flier / Until string breaks and—separate, elate—
The kite takes off, itself alone, a windfall.
[Seamus Heaney, “A Kite for Aibhin”]
Music: Composers, artists, and major works
Two of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s late-period piano concerti adopt reassurance as their dominant or concluding theme, usually presenting a conflict or concern in the first two movements, then resolving the matter most affirmatively in the concluding movement.
- Mozart, Piano Concerto No. 23 in A Major, K. 488 (1786) (approx. 26-30’), establishes the drama of doubt and concern in the opening two movements, then offers reassurance in the final movement, Allegro assai. “The main thing . . . to listen for in this second movement is simply the tragic hopelessness that Mozart creates in his rare use of the key of F sharp minor – he was quite careful and deliberate in his key choices. That mood is cheerfully swept away by the infectious gaiety of the last movement.” Top performances on disc are by Schnabel (Rodzinsky), Fleischer (Walter) in 1959, Barenboim in 1967, Brendel (Marriner) in 1971, Pollini (Böhm) in 1976, Perahia in 1983, Uchida (Tate) in 1986, Uchida in 2008, Sokolov (Pinnock) in 2017, Andsnes in 2021, and Richard-Hamelin (Cohen) in 2023.
- Mozart, Piano Concerto No. 27 in B-flat Major, K. 595 (1791) (approx. 29-36’), is also music of reassurance. In the first and second movements, Mozart tells us over and over, “it’s going to be OK.” The third movement conveys the same message with a more positive, “Allegro” outlook, as though Mozart was saying, “See, I told you everything would be alright.” “The concerto gives no indication of Mozart’s troubles or impending fate; its formal balance and melodic beauty make it one of his most perfect masterpieces . . .” “. . . mellowness is implicit in the Concerto – in the floating lyricism of the first movement; in the second movement’s hushed revelations and pristine, operatic miniaturism; and in the finale’s good humor. Mozart closes the door on his incomparable piano concerto literature without heroics, without self pity – with just a smile . . .” Best performances on disc are by Schnabel (Barbirolli) in 1934, Backhaus (Böhm) in 1960, Rudolf Serkin (Ormandy) in 1962, Curzon (Britten), Gilels (Böhm) in 1974, Perahia in 1979, Uchida (Tate) in 1987, de Laroccha (Colin Davis) in 1997, Primakov (Yoo) in 2010, Pires (Abbado) in 2012, Anderszewski in 2018, Bavouzet (Takács-Nagy) in 2023, and Levin (Egarr) in 2024.
In these works, the leading clarinet evokes a loving and encouraging parent, perhaps teaching a child to ride a bicycle:
- In Franz Anton Hoffmeister’s (1734-1812) clarinet quartets (approx. 80-85’), the clarinet takes firm control, yet leaves room for the other instruments to shine: No. 1 (approx. 12’). Similarly, his Clarinet Quintet in E-flat major, Op. 23 (1813) (approx. 20’).
- York Bowen, Clarinet Sonata, Op. 109 (1943) (approx. 16’)
- Carl Maria von Weber, Clarinet Quintet in B-flat Major, Op. 34, J. 182 (1815) (approx. 26-31’)
Other compositions:
- Albéric Magnard, Symphony No. 3 in B-flat minor, Op. 11 (1896) (approx. 37-40’), “was admired by Paul Dukas for its ‘perfect clarity’ and as an ‘all too rare creation’”.
- Magnard, Symphony No. 4 in C-sharp minor, Op. 21 (1913) (approx. 36-40’), “successfully synthesises Wagnerian high drama with Classical transparency”.
- Henrique Oswald, Violin Sonata in E Major, Op. 36 (1908) (approx. 22-24’)
In the jazz duo of Binker and Moses, the drummer or the reed player spurs on the action, with a lift from the other. “Saxophonist Binker Golding and drummer Moses Boyd channel a sound as expansive as it is fierce, sculpting lightning-fast runs and whirling rhythms into vast, shapeshifting landscapes.” They have recorded several albums, and have performed live at the Boiler Room in 2016, at the Jazz Festival in Saalfelden, Austria in 2019, and at Jazz Re:Freshed in 2020.
Louis Prima was a singer, trumpeter, songwriter and bandleader, who rose to fame in the 1930s. His singing sounds like an attempted copy of Louis Armstrong’s, in keeping with Prima’s musical beginnings with a New Orleans-style jazz band. Prima changed his style several times over the next several decades, apparently in response to changing trends in popular music; but his upbeat swing of the 1930s was a tonic that lifted spirits during those years of the Great Deprssion. His playlists are substantial, and his best work may have been with fellow trumpeter Wingy Malone, available in two collections, volume 1 and volume 2.
Other albums:
- Jimmy Raney Trio, “Wisteria” (1985) (47’): “The interplay between the three musicians is impressive, and the subtle creativity makes repeated listenings of the modern mainstream music quite valuable.”
- Ed Partyka & UMO Helsinki Jazz Orchestra, “Last Dance” (2022) (48’): Partyka says: “If concerts had not been cancelled due to the pandemic we would have never had the studio time to be able to record this project. So even though the pandemic caused great disruption and hardship, there were positive things that were made possible by an otherwise negative situation.”
- Imarhan, “Aboogi” (2022) (44’): “This group amplifies their and their neighbors’ local experiences as Kel Tamasheq citizens of the world, and the music they make in doing so dazzles every time.” “. . . this new album is as serene and open as the desert it emerged from.”
Music: songs and other short pieces
Self-encouragement
- Journey, “Don’t Stop Believin’” (lyrics)
Encouraging others:
- Queen, “We Are the Champions” (lyrics)
Visual Arts
- Wassily Kandinsky, Upward (1929)
